A company is a machine. One faulty part can destroy the whole thing even if the rest are working fine. The main one is the mismanagement of resources. One may follow the lean methodology to the T but if they spend more time & money than necessary then the company will fail (this includes mistiming the pivot). The lean methodology helps to weed out bad ideas with no market support and to reduce some of the uncertainty associated with building a new product.
Customer development, one of the key principles of the lean methodology, takes time. There is no way to predict how long it will take to refine the hypothesis into a problem worthy of solving and then to create a solution worthy of being sold. In addition, the solution may turn out to be expensive to build. Instead, lean startups are lean and mean: all resources are dedicated to solving customers' problems no matter what it takes.
A company following the lean methodology is like a well-trained body - almost nothing but muscle. It can be large, like a bodybuilder, but only because it needs all those resources (muscles) to build the product customers want & need. However, just like it is impossible to have 0% body fat, it is impossible to have 100% of a company's resources spent on building the right product.
Lean startup is partially based on Toyota's lean manufacturing philosophy and shares some key points with it like the minimization of wasteful use of resources. Yes, there have not been any smash hits from startups that dedicated themselves to being lean but only because the theory in its current form is barely two years old. On the other hand, concepts very similar to the ones in the lean methodology have produced amazing results (e.g., minimal viable products by Apple). Also, the number of startups scaling well is much smaller than the number of startups created as it is.
A 'startup' is a company that is in search for a business model. Existing companies in any market can apply lean principles to improve their operations or to launch new products because the key of the lean methodology is customer satisfaction.
The difference between customer development and feedback is that the former is an active way to engage customers and the latter is passive. Creating a system to collect regular feedback yields the responses from the loud minority. Customer development ensures the silent majority is heard by almost forcefully soliciting their views.
The purpose of customer development is to validate the vision. The hypotheses for testing do not appear out of nowhere - that's where vision matters. Some argue that Steve Jobs & Apple do not do any market research. However, most of their successful products were not first movers and looked like responses to complaints about competitor products (e.g. a computer "that just works").
People want flying cars but nobody can build it right now. Does that mean personal vehicle industry stops producing until they are capable of making flying cars? Good customer development brings answers not only to "what?" but to "why?" and "how?". If people want something because it's cool then the product won't last long - it will be just a fad. The "wow factor" is added value not a solution.
MVP goes hand-in-hand with the idea of fast lean production. It is not a wireframe website or a assemble-it-yourself cellphone. It is simply a product with the minimal set of features that accurately solves customers' problem and provides enough added value to make it competitive.
As pivoting has become a widely-used term, it has lost part of its core meaning. A pivot maintains the aspect of the business that works, and changes the parts that don't - it refers to making a specific change of direction based on validated learning. In a Lean Startup sense, validation refers to repeatable market feedback from the Customer Development process. This can be based on consistent qualitative feedback from prospective customers (see Customer Discovery) or significant quantitative feedback from market tests (see Customer Validation and Startup Metrics.)
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